Music Argumentative Essay Example For Students

Music Argumentative Essay The Justice Department has increased its antitrust examination of the music industrys permitting works on, requesting that industry associations and online organizations present a huge number of reports identified with Internet music administrations. The division as of late started conveying common insightful interest letters, chasing for proof of conspiracy by record organizations and associates to obstruct rivalry. The beneficiaries of the letters incorporate the Recording Industry Assn. of America, in any event two Internet organizations and MusicNet, an online music merchant mutually claimed by three significant marks and RealNetworks Inc. A duplicate of one letter acquired by The Times demonstrates that antitrust agents are taking a gander at all the terms proposed by the record organizations and music distributers for their licenses, just as the claims they undermined, brought or settled over online music. Another issue being investigated is the hostile arrangements over online radio administrations. The significant marks control the copyrights to a large portion of the chronicles that shoppers purchase, while the distributers control the musicians copyrights. That control enables the names and distributers to direct which organizations can offer intuitive or on-request music administrations on the web, just as affecting their costs and terms of utilization. The developing interest for online music administrations has driven the aggregates that own the significant record organizations to make their own channels for dissemination. AOL Time Warner, Bertelsmann and EMI Group framed MusicNet, and Universal Music Group and Sony Corp. made Pressplay. The request seems to spin around two inquiries: Why are MusicNet and Pressplay the main dares to get licenses for a lot of major-name music? What's more, what, on the off chance that anything, did the marks do to swell their eminences from online radio services?The record organizations safeguards state the names have been wary in authorizing, however they havent plotted to restrict rivalry. I dont see it, and I havent experienced it, said Robin D. Richards, administrator and CEO of MP3.com, a dissident online music organization that was gained in August by Vivendi Universal and has a dispersion manage Pressplay. In any case, administrators at a few online organizations state they have had blended encounters in with the marks and that some demonstration reasonably and some dont. The outcome, they state, is that the marks online venturesMusicNet and Pressplayare propelling this year with no genuine rivalry. The industrys authorizing rehearses additionally have drawn analysis from some compelling officials, including pioneers of the House and Senate Judiciary councils. Furthermore, the government judge managing the industrys copyright-encroachment claim against Napster Inc., the beset online melody sharing help, as of late said the names authorizing activities could make them defenseless against allegations of copyright misuse. The law doesnt power a name to concede different organizations the rights to its tune, copyright specialists state. What specialists are examining is whether the names have utilized their elite rights over music to slow or stop rivals in another field, to be specific, the circulation of tunes over the Net. The Justice Department couldn't be arrived at Sunday for input. A representative for the RIAA stated, We mean to participate completely with the examination. Representatives for two of the major labelsUniversal Music Group and BMG Entertainmentdeclined to remark on the examination. Authorities at two othersSony Music and Warner Music Groupcould not be reached. Those organizations have reported scarcely any arrangements with online music dispersion administrations practically identical to the ones theyve made with Pressplay and MusicNet. The main significant mark marking huge permitting bargains is EMI. Ted Cohen, VP of new media at EMI Recorded Music, stated, I think weve been extremely reasonable in our dealings, giving the enormous folks and the little folks an opportunity to dispatch. Weve endeavored to ensure its a serious landscape.Justice Department lawyers began leading meetings about the marks authorizing rehearses over eight months back, reacting to grievances from online music organizations. The agents intrigue got toward the beginning of April, sources stated, when the proprietors of MusicNet declared its arrangement. .ueb17fbf28fb36d68d2f43a1a8e006a8d , .ueb17fbf28fb36d68d2f43a1a8e006a8d .postImageUrl , .ueb17fbf28fb36d68d2f43a1a8e006a8d .focused content territory { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .ueb17fbf28fb36d68d2f43a1a8e006a8d , .ueb17fbf28fb36d68d2f43a1a8e006a8d:hover , .ueb17fbf28fb36d68d2f43a1a8e006a8d:visited , .ueb17fbf28fb36d68d2f43a1a8e006a8d:active { border:0!important; } .ueb17fbf28fb36d68d2f43a1a8e006a8d .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ueb17fbf28fb36d68d2f43a1a8e006a8d { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; obscurity: 1; change: mistiness 250ms; webkit-progress: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ueb17fbf28fb36d68d2f43a1a8e006a8d:active , .ueb17fbf28fb36d68d2f43a1a8e006a8d:hover { murkiness: 1; change: haziness 250ms; webkit-change: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ueb17fbf28fb36d68d2f43a1a8e006a8d .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ueb17fbf28fb36d68d2f43a1a8e006a8d .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-enhancement: underline; } .ueb17fbf28fb36d68d2f43a1a8e006a8d .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .ueb17fbf28fb36d68d2f43a1a8e006a8d .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe range: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-enrichment: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .ueb17fbf28fb36d68d2f43a1a8e006a8d:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .ueb17fbf28fb36d68d2f43a1a8e006a8 d .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .ueb17fbf28fb36d68d2f43a1a8e006a8d-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .ueb17fbf28fb36d68d2f43a1a8e006a8d:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Child misuse EssayA progressively formal test didnt start, be that as it may, until the administration settled a jurisdictional fight between the Justice Department and the Federal Trade Commissions antitrust examiners. The Justice Department finished a last round of meetings with industry officials and online organizations a month ago, at that point conveyed an influx of common insightful interest letters a week ago. In addition to other things, the letters request duplicates of all the proposed

The History Of The Life Cycle Costing Accounting Essay

Capital products are machines or stocks that are utilized by creators to deliver their final results or by administration associations to introduce their administrations. For example power generators, clinical gear utilized by hospitals to name and handle patients, trains utilized by a help association, for example, Virgin Trains to move customers to their finishs. Capital merchandise are one of the majority of import pieces of an organization or association ‘s resources. They can be utilized for their useable life to deliver the stocks or administrations for the customers and increment the worth. It is the contribution of both the maker/provider and client/client to hold a full misgiving of the capital great life beat and its related expenses. It is broadly accepted that there are a few life mood hypothetical records in industry to see and the vast majority of them are rather comparative. Fig. 2.1 gives one general life musicality hypothetical record: Fig. 2.1 A General Life Cycle Model ( Source: hypertext move convention:/www.ugs.com/) Stage 1 Conceive: The existence cadence begins with the meaning of the capital great dependent on customers ‘ requests. Stage 2 Design: This stage comprises of expound plan and advancement of the capital great, model testing, pilot discharge and full product dispatch. It can other than influence update and improvement to bing capital great. Stage 3 Realize: Once the plan of the capital great is finished the strategy for manufacture is characterized. Stage 4 Service: The closing phase of the existence mood includes pull offing of in administration data, providing customers and administration applied researchers with help data for fix and care. At last, there is a finish of-life to the capital great. It should be viewed as whether it is removal or annihilation of stuff. A most solitary aspect concerning life mood is that life cadence method is iterative ( Fig. 2.2 ) . It is ever conceivable that something accomplishes n't work great in any stage adequacy to embrace up into a front stage. Fig. 2.2 The circle highlight of life musicality technique ( Beginning: hypertext move convention:/www.ugs.com/) Another life musicality hypothetical record is created by Kumar, et Al. ( 2000 ) , which comprises of 5 phases ( Fig. 2.3 ) . In the primary stage, requests and requests are characterized dependent on input from the customers and discernment of capable prospects. From the determinations of the capital great major capable parametric amounts can be characterized. Following, the framework is completely planned. From that point onward, numerous units of the framework are created. At that point, in the improvement stage, the capital great/framework is utilized, all things considered for broadened periods ( 10-40 mature ages ) . At last, the capital great/framework is discarded. Fig. 2.3 Life beat of a capital decent ( Kumar, et al. , 2000 ) To discover the expenses related with the various stages, Life Cycle Costing ( LCC ) investigation can be an extremely utile device. 2.2 Life Cycle Costing LCC investigation was first presented and created by the U.S. Division of Defense so as to limit the disbursals of their bought hardware. These days the develop is generally utilized in both private and open segments each piece great as in various capital products businesses. In Fig. 2.4 a common outline is given on the costs appropriation related with the various phases of the capital great life mood. Fig. 2.4 Costs conveyance of the capital great life musicality To be brief, Life Cycle Costing ( LCC ) is a methodological examination for estimating resources that thinks about all expenses beginning from having, runing, keeping, and discarding the in addition to ( Fuller and Peterson, 1996 ) . It is the whole limited expense of obtaining, activity, care and removal of an or more or framework over a fixed time of clasp. The components of cost will be included to give the whole expense for each point and a far reaching entirety for the in addition to through its life cut on a typical balance for the time of contribution. LCC investigation empowers judgments on securing, care, remodel or removal of the in addition to be made in the obvious radiation of full cost findings. Following are two deteriorations of expenses from various positions. From the situation of customers, they are generally intrigued by the Entire Cost of Ownership ( TCO ) . The Entire Cost of Ownership ( TCO ) is the summarizing of the expense of geting and having or change overing a purpose of stuff, bit of hardware, or administration and post-proprietorship cost, including the removal of hazardous and other creation squander. It other than incorporates the expense of lost gross as an outcome of personal time or break of administration or stop stock. Along these lines, under the customary agreement ( without the presentation based coordinations or force by the hr contract ) : TCO = C obtaining + C care + C personal time + C removal ( 2.1 ) Obtaining costs: It is the expenses during the initial three phases of the capital great life beat ( Fig. 2.3 ) , viz. , the underlying expense caused preceding seting the framework into administration which in numerous occasions is high. It reflected in the gross incomes financial incentive for new frameworks. The rest of the TCO happens after the buy stage. Different kinds of expenses emerge during the improvement stage, with care and vacation representing the biggest extent. Care costs comprise of the considerable number of assets required for care, which might be executed by the customer or by the producer or an outsider. In any case, the focuses that must be paid for incorporate trim parts, administration/upkeep applied researchers, foundation and course. Vacation expenses may stay of direct costs, for example, those brought about by a lessening at long last result of a plant, and backhanded costs, for example, those brought about by loss of notoriety and coming about loss of future grosss. At last, in the removal stage, there will be removal costs. Removal cost is the expense or expansion of gaining free of benefits after utilization. These might be significant if frameworks contain naturally antagonistic stuffs. In numerous examples, the removal costs are low. While in certain examples, frameworks or parts of frameworks might be repaired and can be reused, with the goal that removal may even take to net then again of cost. To give a sentiment of how high the expenses of a capital decent might be after buy, Fig. 2.5 shows how the TCO of a specialist to-arrange framework is isolated over the obtaining, care and personal time costs ( A-ner et al. , 2007 ) . Fig. 2.5 the TCO of a specialist to-arrange framework The results indicated that the entirety of down clasp expenses can account up to 48 % of whole LCC while care cost history for 27 % . For different frameworks, we may obtain distinctive Numberss, yet all around the propensity is the equivalent: the securing costs history for just a small amount of the TCO. The consideration and personal time costs represented a significant extent. At the point when the customers purchase another framework, they are certainly doing more distant investings that are 2-4 times each piece extraordinary as the securing costs. Subsequently, it is of contribution of both unique hardware producers ( OEM ) and their customers to limit the TCO. Another disintegration of expenses is given by El-Haram and Horner ( 2003 ) . Fitting to their overview, Life mood costing is made out of whole securing cost, whole establishment course ( activity and backing ) expenses, and whole removal cost: CT = C procurement + C establishment course + C removal ( 2.2 ) Office Management Costs: Under LCC examination, establishment course ( activity and care ) costs are future disbursals which are like the consideration and personal time costs. Office course expenses might be a few times higher than obtaining costs. Along these lines, there is an interest to design endeavors that limits establishment heading costs. 2.3 The Life Cycle Costing Process Life Cycle Costing is a six-organized technique as show in Fig. 2.6: Fig. 2.6 Life Cycle Costing methodology ( Life Cycle Costing rule, 2004 )Phase 1 Plan LCC analysisThe Life Cycle Costing technique starts with the advancement of a program, which tends to the expectation and scope of the examination. The program should: Indicate the examination points in footings of open introduction required to help heading conclusions. Portray the scope of the investigation sing the life-time of the capital merchandise/resources, the working condition and the consideration bolster assets to be utilized and so forth. Recognize any verifiable in conditions, premises, limitations and limitations (, for example, insignificant in addition to open introduction, handiness requests or maximal capital cost limitations ) that may abridge the extent of satisfactory alternatives to be assessed. Gracefully an estimation of assets required and an inclusion plan for the investigation to ensure that the LCC outcomes will be accessible to back up the dynamic technique. The program ought to be recorded toward the start of the Life Cycle Costing method to flexibly a point of convergence for the rest of the work. In this manner the clients/clients can reevaluate the program to ensure their requests have been correct deciphered and unmistakably addressed.Phase 2 Select/create LCC hypothetical accountPhase 2 is the decision or advancement of a LCC hypothetical record that fulfills the points of the investigation. LCC hypothetical record contains footings and variables which empower examination of all important constituent expenses. Before picking a hypothetical record, the plan of the examination and the data it requires ought to be recognized. The hypothetical record ought to other than be assessed with respect to the relevance of all cost components, exact connections, invariables and factors. A figure of accessible hypothetical records can be utilized for LCC examination. Also, in certain occasions it is suitable to build up a particular hypothetical record. In either case, the LCC hypothetical record should: Build a cost separation development ( CBS ) that recognizes all pertinent expense classs in all suitable life beat stages. Cost classs ought to proceed to be separated until an expense

Understanding Iatrophobia or Fear of Doctors

Understanding Iatrophobia or Fear of Doctors Phobias Types Print Understanding Iatrophobia or Fear of Doctors By Lisa Fritscher Lisa Fritscher is a freelance writer and editor with a deep interest in phobias and other mental health topics. Learn about our editorial policy Lisa Fritscher Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Daniel B. Block, MD on November 21, 2019 twitter linkedin Daniel B. Block, MD, is an award-winning, board-certified psychiatrist who operates a private practice in Pennsylvania. Learn about our Medical Review Board Daniel B. Block, MD Updated on January 25, 2020 Johnny Greig/E/Getty Images More in Phobias Types Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Treatment In This Article Table of Contents Expand Iatrophobia or Normal Anxiety? Related Symptoms Coping Personalized Treatment Options View All Back To Top Iatrophobia, or fear of doctors, is surprisingly common today.?? Most of us do not particularly enjoy going to the doctor. From the often long waits to the cold, sterile environment to the possibility of a painful procedure, doctor visits can cause anxiety in nearly anyone. For some people, however, normal anxiety gives way to outright panic. Is It Iatrophobia or Normal Anxiety? Since it is normal to be nervous before a doctor visit, it can be difficult to tell whether your symptoms constitute a full-blown phobia. Only a qualified mental health professional can make this determination. However, a few signs may signify that your fear is out of proportion with normal anxiety towards doctors visits. You may experience all, some, or none of the following: Related Symptoms Obsessive Worrying Normal anxiety is typically transitory. You might feel a wave of nervousness when actively thinking about an upcoming appointment. You may feel stress on the way to the doctor’s office or while sitting in the waiting room. However, you will not spend a great deal of time thinking about an upcoming visit, and you will be able to distract yourself from the anxiety if your fears are normal. If you have iatrophobia, however, an upcoming doctor visit may be the source of endless worrying. You might find it difficult or impossible to focus on other things. Once you have reached the doctor’s office, you are likely to experience feelings of panic and a sensation of being out of control. You might sweat, shake or cry, or even refuse to enter the examination room. Other Illness-Related Phobias Many people with iatrophobia worry that they might need to see a doctor, even if no visits are currently scheduled. You might become obsessed with minor ailments, fearing that they will require medical treatment. It is relatively common for iatrophobia to occur alongside illness anxiety disorder (previously known as hypochondriasis) or nosophobia (fear of disease), which are both phobias of illness.?? Postponing Doctor Appointments Those who merely experience nervousness about doctor visits typically do not try to avoid them. If you have iatrophobia, however, you might find yourself putting off checkups, vaccinations, and other routine care. You might suffer through even relatively serious illnesses on your own, rather than seeking professional treatment.?? Dentophobia Although either phobia can occur independently, dentophobia, or fear of dentists, often occurs alongside iatrophobia. It is common for dentists to trigger the same fears as those triggered by doctors of all types. White Coat Hypertension Although controversial, the phenomenon of white coat hypertension has been documented by numerous researchers.?? This occurs when the stress of seeing a doctor is enough to raise your blood pressure to a clinically significant level. Your blood pressure is normal when checked at home or in another setting, such as a health fair, but is high at the doctor’s office. Coping Iatrophobia can be more difficult to treat than many other phobias due to the nature of fear. While phobias can generally be treated with a combination of medications and therapy, many people with iatrophobia fear mental health professionals as well as other types of doctor. It may be difficult for you to visit a professional treatment provider. Although it can temporarily worsen your anxiety, it is very important that you seek treatment. Over time, untreated iatrophobia can cause you to avoid needed medical care.?? This can put your health and well-being at risk, and may ultimately result in difficult, complicated medical procedures for conditions that would have initially been easy to treat. Personalized Treatment Options Some mental health providers offer services via telephone or the internet. Although seeking in-person treatment is always preferable, these services can help you tame your phobia enough to face an in-person visit. Search for a mental health provider that offers services in a low-key setting that is more homelike than clinical. Some professionals work out of their homes or rented spaces in office buildings, rather than hospitals or medical facilities. Some wear jeans and other casual clothes, and some provide soothing music, televisions, and other services designed for relaxation. A good treatment provider will work at your pace. He will take the time to allow you to become comfortable with the office environment before moving on to treating the phobia. Many phobias are treated with cognitive-behavioral therapy, hypnosis, and group seminars. Look for a provider that offers the type of treatment with which you feel most comfortable. Seeking treatment for iatrophobia is never easy. With a bit of advance research, however, you should be able to find a mental health services provider that makes you feel comfortable. Take someone with you to act as a support person if needed, and focus on developing trust with your provider before moving on to the actual phobia treatment.

Why Did The Arawak tribe Disappear - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1149 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/04/15 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Christopher Columbus Essay Did you like this example? As children, we are taught all about Christopher Columbuss voyage to the New World, and how he is the one person responsible for discovering America. Even though we spent so much time on the topic, we were never taught about his destructive tendencies. We were never told that he was responsible for the murder and extinction of Indian tribes, such as the Arawak. Although Columbus is popular for discovering the New World, he brought diseases and slavery that killed tribes such as the Arawak. Over 520 years ago, Christopher Columbus sailed across the Atlantic Ocean on August 3, in search of Asia where he would obtain riches such as gold and pearls. Once his journey began, him and his crew would realize that it would be a much longer voyage then they had imagined. The crews anxiety was at an all time high by the time October came around, but Columbus promised that if they had not found land in two days, they would go back home. The next day, on October 10, they found land that would be later known as the New World. In Christopher Columbuss replica journal, written by Bartolome de la Casas, Columbus wrote, At two hours after midnight the land was sighted at a distance of two leagues. The vessels were hove to, waiting for daylight; and on Friday they arrived at a small island of the Lucayos, call in the language of the Indians, Guanahani. Presently, they saw naked people. This was Columbuss first encounter with an Indian tribe, known as the Arawak (History). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Why Did The Arawak tribe Disappear?" essay for you Create order The Arawak were the original people to live in the Caribbean Islands. Arawaks did not wear much clothing, like Columbus stated in his journal entry. The climate in the Caribbean was always warm, so men usually went without clothes unless it was for a special occasion. Women wore skirts and necklaces. The Arawak people were advanced and quite intelligent, and there ways of life were futuristic. For transportation, they used canoes that could hold up to fifty people, and they were also known as agricultural people. There most important crop was a potato-like root called cassava, and they also grew beans, squash, peppers, and corn. Arawak men would also hunt, primarily catching fish and other seafoods (Redish). The Arawak people were known to have impressed Columbus with their kindness and hospitality. They will give all that they do possess for anything that is given to them, exchanging things even or bits of broken crockery, Columbus noted as he met them. He also stated,They do not ca rry arms or know them. They should be good servants. (Poole) In the beginning, the Arawak and the Spaniards had a good relationship. From Columbuss journal he stated,They brought us sticks of the cotton candy thread and parrots and other little things which it would be tedious to list, and exchanged everything for whatever we offered them. After Columbus realized how useful the Arawak could be in the use of work, he wasted no time in establishing his first empire. As the Spaniards and Arawak continued to co-exist, there once good relationship deteriorated. The Spaniards began to remove Arawak men from the villages to work in newly discovered gold mines and colonial plantations. As forced work was pushed onto the Arawak, members of the tribe began to experience starvation, depression, suicidal thoughts, and fell to deadly diseases. (Poole) As the Arawak worked on the plantations and in the gold mines, the Spanish settled and became physically closer to them. The members of the tribe were not able to plant crops while they were being forced to work, which led to many Arawaks to die due to starvation. Many other members committed suicide so they would not have to be under control of the Spaniards any longer. (Poole) The Arawak were not immune to diseases that came from Europe, specifically smallpox. As time went on and the more settled the Spaniards were, the Arawaks number decreased. In 1531, the number of Arawak was down to 600, from an estimated number of 100,000. Today, there is no trace of the Arawak people, except for archaeological remains. (Corbett) The arrival of Columbus and the rest of the Spaniards to the Caribbeans caused a genocidal end to the Arawak Indians. Columbus had an idea of dominating that new land he had found, but his only problem was the Arawak. In April, 1493, Columbus wrote a letter to Luis de Santagnel declaring their Highnesses may see that I shall give them as much gold as they need . and slaves as many as they shall order to be shipped. Christopher Columbus and his crew took advantage of the generosity and accommodation that the Arawak granted them because they knew how naive they were. After the Arawak were enslaved by the Spaniards, it is said that Columbus went back to Spain, where he celebrated through the street of Seville and Barcelona. (Bourne, pg. 270) Famous for his New World discovery, Columbus is responsible for the genocidal end of the Arawak tribe. On October 10, 1492, Christopher Columbus discovered what he thought was the New World, but was actually already established by the Arawak people. The Arawak were good willed and gracious people who showed no threat to Columbus or his crew. Columbus took advantage of there humanity and enslaved them to take control of his new domain. Women were not able to plant crops, and the men were not able to hunt for food, so many began to succumb due to famine. I personally do not believe that this conflict evolved in American society, these conflicts have bee covered up as the years have gone on. If they were more popularized, I do not believe Columbus Day would be a national holiday in the United States. I do believe it has impacted the American society instead of evolving it. I believe it impacted it because since we do celebrate Columbus Day, the people whos ancestors and relatives were a ffected by his actions, see him as a villain and murderer. I also believe it impacted the American society because when people discovered that Columbus was not as gracious and giving, it created a divided opinion on if the holiday should be celebrated. Biblography: Christopher Columbus Discovers America, 1492, EyeWitness to History, https://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/columbus.htm (2004). Morgan, Edmund S. Columbus Confusion About the New World. Smithsonian Magazine, October 2009. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/columbus-confusion-about-the-new-world-140132422/ Christopher Columbus: The Untold Story. Understanding Prejudice. https://www.understandingprejudice.org/nativeiq/columbus.htm#source8 Exploring the Early Americas. Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/exploring-the-early-americas/columbus-and-the-taino.html Redish, L., Orrin, L. Native American Facts for Kids. Native Languages of the Americas, https://www.bigorrin.org/arawak_kids.htm Corbett, Bob. Pre-Columbian Hispaniola Arawak/Taino Indians. World History Archives, https://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/43a/100.html Poole, Robert M. What Became of the Tarno? Smithsonian Magazine, October 2011. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/what-became-of-the-taino-73824867/

Martin Luther King, Just and Unjust Essay - 1052 Words

Justice in the Eyes of Martin Luther King What is law? Law is a system of rules used to govern a society and control the behaviors of its members. In this case, Martin Luther King is charged for breaking a law. King questions the differences between just and unjust laws to justify his actions in Birmingham and the charges of breaking laws willingly. Defending his willingness to break laws, King argues, â€Å"How can you advocate breaking laws and obeying other?† He answers to accusation of his willingness to break laws with a well-written argument of what is just and unjust laws. Martin Luther King uses the definition, the categories, and the implication of the law excellently to answer the charges of breaking laws willingly. King†¦show more content†¦To further support his analysis of the law, King states a third definition of â€Å"an unjust law is a code inflicted upon a minority which that minority had no part in enacting or creating because they did not have the unhampered right to vote† (PAR 14). This definition is given to show that there are unjust laws occurring. This implies that the white people are devaluing democracy and what it stands for. He states after that, clearly, Negroes are not allowed to vote in the state of Alabama regardless if they are the minority or not. He is stating that it is unjust for Negroes not to be able to vote. Although these statements do not directly answer the charges of the clergymen, King is building up to that answer. While defining the laws, King is focusing on what he believe is wrong and its relationship with unjust laws. King uses this technique to support breaking unjust laws to obey just laws. Defending his willingness to break laws, King argues, â€Å"How can you advocate breaking laws and obeying others† (PAR 11)? King uses the strategy of answering a question with a question. King was arrested for parading without a permit in Birmingham, AL. The ordinance used against King was deemed unjust because it denies citizens the First-Amendment. King’s arrest is a prime example of breaking laws and obeying others. He accepted the charges of breaking the law, while,Show MoreRelated Civil Disobedience Martin Luther King David Thoreau LA riot Essay examples1119 Words   |  5 PagesCivil Disobedience On April 29, 1992, the City of Los Angeles was surrounded in a riot in response to the quot;not guiltyquot; verdicts in the trial of four white Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) officers accused of unlawfully beating Rodney King. Six days later, when the fires were finally extinguished and the smoke had cleared, â€Å"estimates of the material damage done vary between about $800 million and $1 billion, 54 people had been killed, more than 2000 injured, in excess of 800 structuresRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr. and Henry David Thoreau Essay976 Words   |  4 PagesThe essays by Martin Luther King Jr., â€Å"Letters From Birmingham Jail† and Henry David Thoreau, â€Å"Civil Disobedience† show how one can be a civil person and protest against unfair, unjust laws forced upon them. Both authors are very persuasive in their letter writings. Henry David Thoreau and Martin Luther King Jr. write about the injustice of government laws, of right and wrong, and one’s mo ral and upstanding conscience of a human being. Martin Luther King Jr. is a religious, peaceful man who usesRead More Comparing Civil Disobedience by Henry David Thoreau and Martin Luther King Jr.933 Words   |  4 PagesDisobedience by Henry David Thoreau and Martin Luther King Jr.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Any one can say that a law is unfair and unjust. However, who is really willing to accept the consequences for going against an unjust law? Is breaking this law really worth the punishment? The government is the one to decide whether a law is reasonable, but what if a member of the public believes that a law is not? Should he rebel against this law? Henry David Thoreau and Martin Luther King Jr. answered yes to this question andRead MoreAnalysis Of Martin Luther King Jr s Letter From Birmingham Jail986 Words   |  4 PagesInstitutions, and Dr. Martin Luther King Jr’s Letter from Birmingham Jail are two important pieces of history. In Lincoln’s speech he speaks about the dangers of slavery in the United States and warned everybody that people who disrespected American laws could destroy the United States. On the other hand, Martin Luther King Jr. defended the strategy of nonviolent resistance to racism, and argued that people have a moral responsibi lity to break unjust laws. Based on these facts, Martin Luther King Jr does notRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr.s Letter From A Birmingham Jail And Antigone1004 Words   |  5 PagesThe â€Å"Letter from a Birmingham Jail† by Martin Luther King and the play of â€Å"Antigone†, both demonstrate ways in which civil disobedience is used to challenge unfair laws. Although Martin Luther King and Antigone both go against the unjust law, however, they go about it in different ways. 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Plato’s dialogue in the Crito shows Socrates’ views on his obligations to the government and in Martin Luther King’s â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail,† we see a different set of obligations depicted by King. Socrates strongly believed that his life was to be dedicated to the government under no other circumstances but on the other hand, Mart in Luther King respected his obligations as a citizen but did not hesitate to reactRead MoreThe Importance Of Disobeying The Law Can Never Be Justified1297 Words   |  6 Pageswould be likely to fail. This is how revolutions began by starting with disobyeing the law, and if the outcome of such act benefits towards human progress, than it is most indeed justifiable. Martin Luther King Jr., and Howard Zinn both demonstrate the justification that disobeying certain laws are called unjust laws. Their are certain laws that when they are disobeyed, depending on the situation, should be account justifiable if it is on the side of rightousness. While the laws created by man keepRead MoreEssay on Ethos, Pathos, Logos Kings Letter to Birmingham796 Words   |  4 Pagesinjustice as did Martin Luther King in his â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail.† Martin Luther King Jr. effectively crafted his counter argument by first directly addressing his audience, the clergymen, and then using logos, pathos, and ethos to refute his opponents statements and present his own perspective. After stating the general purpose of his letter, Martin Luther King Jr. specifically addressed the clergymen to set up for his logical counterargument. First Martin Luther King effectively makesRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr.s States Segregation Not Only Hurts Blacks but also Whites597 Words   |  3 PagesMartin Luther King Jr. On April 16, 1963 Martin Luther King Jr. wrote his famous Letter from Birmingham Jail, in which he responded to the Southern Clergy men’s letter appealing to the end of the demonstrations to end the demonstrations against segregation. 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Guns Germs and Steel Free Essays

1. Yali’s question; â€Å"Why is it that you white people developed so much cargo and brought it to New Guinea but we black people had little cargo of our own? † 2. Diamond rewords the question as â€Å"History followed different courses for different peoples because of differences among people environment not because of biological differences among peoples themselves. We will write a custom essay sample on Guns Germs and Steel or any similar topic only for you Order Now † 3. Jared Diamond analyzes several factors that he believes contributed to the existing balance of the world’s resources. In order to answer Yali’s question, he speculates about the role of geography, technology, cultural diffusion, agriculture, culture and biology. . The Maori evolved differently because of population and leadership differences. The Maori conquered the Moriori due to its advanced weapons and technology and the Moriori lost due to its lack of leadership and simple weapons. 5. Population density affected economies because the more people there are the more things you need such as food. It also affected social complexity because it easier to control smaller populations. With more people you need more control over things for decisions which goes with political organization 6. Atahualpa was the last ruler of the Inca Empire of pre-Columbian South America to exercise power independent of Spanish control. Francisco Pizarro and a small group of Spanish soldiers captured Atahualpa. In a vain attempt to save Atahualpa, his subjects assembled one of the largest ransoms in history, an estimated $30 million worth of gold and silver. 7. Pizzarro completely surprised and overwhelmed Atahualpa’s empire; Pizzarro had guns germs and steel where the Incas didn’t. Pizzarro also had horses that terrified the Incas having never seen it. Pizzarro also had a written language and the Incas did not. 8. Availability of more consumable calories means more people equals strength of numbers. Domestic animals fed people by furnishing meat, milk, and fertilizer and by animal labor. Animals and crops also provide warmth and tools. 9. These areas are Southwest Asia’s Fertile Crescent, China, Mesoamerica, the Andes and possibly the Amazon Basin, and eastern United States. 10. These areas are Sahel, tropical West Africa, Ethiopia, and New Guinea. 11. These areas were western and central Europe, Indus valley, and Egypt. 12. The only hunter-gatherers to continue to exist were those who were separated geographically or lived in areas not fit for food producing. One theory of why people first started producing food was just as a back-up plan. Another theory is that there are different factors in different parts of the world that caused the decision to move to farming. 13. A plant is to be domesticated when its native characteristics are altered such that it cannot grow and reproduce without human intervention. 14. Because Different factors in different parts of the world caused the decision to move to farming. 5. Some plants need to be pollinated by another plant, but some mutant plants are self-pollinating. These self pollinating plants would also be picked and eventually wipe out the non self-pollinating plants. 16. Eurasia 17. Three advantages were the climate of the Fertile Crescent was wet in the winters and dry in the summers, ancestor crops were already very productive and fruitful, and many of the crops that inhabited the Fertile Crescent were self-pollinating. 18. For one the continent contained the largest amount of wild mammals. Another reason is that Eurasia has had the least extinction in the last 40,000 years. In other parts of the world large mammals were not as readily available for domestication. 19. Diamond gives six reasons why: diet, growth rate, and problems of captive breeding, nasty disposition, tendency to panic, and social structure. 20. The Americas and Africa both have a north-south axis while Eurasia has a west-east axis. It is because west-east regions share the same length of day, same types of seasons, same diseases, and same aspects of climate such as rainfall and habitat. Trade spread farther west east than it did north south. 21. Plants moved from north to south or vice-versa were not built to endure the different climates, times of day, and etc. Domestic animals could not fight off the new types of disease and climate as well. 22. Genetically some people have developed immunity to certain diseases or illnesses through generations of repeated exposure. The small populations can’t fight outside epidemics, and can’t evolve their own because they are nearly wiped out every time, therefore the epidemic disappears. 3. Blueprinting copying- when you copy or modify an available detailed blueprint. Idea Diffusion-when you receive little more than the basic idea and have to try to do it yourself. 24. If kings limited writing they can better control the masses and there is a smaller chance of and uprising. 25. â€Å"Invention is often the mother of necessity† which means that many inventors created things out of curiosity rather than becau se of need. In other words, they made a product before there was a demand for it 26. The factors are economic advantage of new technology, social value and prestige, vested interest, and ease of observing advantages. 27. Factors are peaceful trade, espionage, emigration, and war. 28. Behavior became lethal in the presence of peasant soldiers ungracefully blasting away with guns. Eventually reduced government orders for guns until japan was almost without functional guns. 29. Sedentary living was decisive for the history of technology, because it enabled people to accumulate non-portable possessions. 30. Bands are the smallest societies lack many types of institutions that other societies have. They are so small because the region they live in lacks the resources for larger societies. Next is the tribe, being a little larger. Tribes are large enough where they can have separate clans. Next is Chiefdoms, which contain different lineages, and have many jobs that were often filled by captured slaves. Chiefdoms had a redistributive economy in which the chief received all the goods and then spread it back out among all the people. States have many more slaves and are supported by a political and territorial basis, not one of kinship and heredity. 1. There are four reasons why large societies must have complex centralized government. Secondly is the â€Å"growing possibility of communal decision making with increasing population size. † Thirdly involves economic reasons of differentiating talents and transfer of goods. The final consideration is that larger societies have denser populations 32. One reason is because of early extinction of large wild fauna in the Americas, while in Eurasia there were a variety of wild animals for domestication. Agriculture is another reason. Eurasia also had much more variety of domestic able plants. Those parts of the Americas that did have agriculture were lacking in protein. It was also much less successful because they did not have the labor animals that Eurasia did. Germs, metal, military technology, and power to operate machinery were all more reasons that Eurasia had such an advantage over the Native Americans. 33. Those parts of the Americas that did have agriculture were lacking in protein. 34. These were blacks, whites, African Pygmies, Khoisan, and Asians. 35. Iron tools and agriculture How to cite Guns Germs and Steel, Papers

Summary You Are Not a Stranger Here an Example of the Topic Literature Essays by EssayLab.com

Summary You Are Not a Stranger Here Chapter 1 - Notes to My Biographer Need essay sample on "Summary "You Are Not a Stranger Here"" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed In this chapter, the main character alternately provides the reader with history and symptoms. The story begins with the man in an apparent frenetic driving spree where he tries to visit and contact numerous friends and relatives. He is driving his niece's car and she clearly has no idea that he has taken it for this extended trip. He describes a series of extreme behaviors, up and down. At the time of this story, he is apparently on the up swing. However, he talks briefly of the ECT treatments he had received years earlier. ECT generally used to treat extreme and treatment resistant depression. The reader can't be sure if any of his employment history of financial success is real or delusions. It could be a mix of both. Even if he has been a successful engineer with financial gains, the behaviors he exhibits clearly point to the diagnosis of bipolar disorder, also commonly called manic-depressive disorder. His symptoms include delusions of grandeur, racing thoughts, mania. This man is in constant motion, rearranging the furniture, making numerous phone calls, spending money, driving at excessive speed. His thoughts are distorted. He thinks that the people in the elevator are a famous couple; he believes the people in the restaurant are stealing his idea. His son, towards the end of the chapter pleads with his to take the medication as he knows that it will help. His son also describes his own behaviors and need to take medication for similar symptoms. Bipolar disorder is a mental illness that causes unusual and extreme shifts in a persons functioning, mood and behavior. Chapter 2 - The Good Doctor The patient in this chapter is diagnosed with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) by the doctor who is the main character in this chapter. The patient is a woman who has lost her 16-year-old son in a motor vehicle accident. Her son had a history of drug use and behavioral symptoms, likely at least in part to the methamphetamine use. He was responsible for cutting off his mothers four fingers. The women admitted freely to anxiety, fear and depression but were highly resistant to any treatment aside from sleeping pills. She is detached, numb and almost emotionless in her presentation. She talks about the incidents and is open with there sleep and anxiety problems. She talks about the concern she has for her two young children and her ability to care for them. This woman has much sorrow in her life, aside from the death of her son and the trauma of loosing her fingers. She is sad about her past, sad about her husbands drinking and fearful of her young son, who she is raising the same way she did her older son. The doctor is correct to want to provide therapy in addition to the medication for this disorder. The woman refuses. Chapter 3 - The Beginnings of Grief The main character in this chapter has suffered unbelievable guilt and sorrow in an apparently very short period of time. Both of his parents had died. He felt guilty about expressing his own sorrow to his father and then guilty when his father dies in an accident. In addition to this, he seemed to have no other close family or friends nearby and was struggling with issues of sexuality as a high school boy. One senses he has much grief about his homosexual feelings. He becomes involved with an incredibly abusive sexual relationship with another boy at school that is extremely physically abusive and degrading. Yet, the main character seems to continue to pursue his abuser. Even after mush physical injury and a trip to the hospital, he continues to pursue the abuser. The main character was clearly a victim of violence and given his expectation or pursue of violence, one suspects that he may have been raised in a home where violence was the norm. Alcohol abuse was also a symptom and per haps diagnosis. Chapter 4 - Devotion The brother and sister in this chapter have developed a kind of symbiotic relationship. There lives are so intertwined and dependant upon each other. The chapter gives examples of how they seem to be almost the same person. So extreme a case is this that they both actually fell in love with the same person. Neither of them will leave the other and because of this dependency, neither one has had the opportunity to live as an individual. The trauma of their mother's death threw them together and the fact that the brother was uncomfortable with his homosexuality that the sister always protected and cared for him. Even when the sister finds that her brother had sabotaged her chance at happiness with Ben, she ultimately forgives him and they continue to live this quiet life tougher in their parent's home, as they always have. The relationship works for both Owen and Hillary, they both get stability and care and companionship. They miss out of the loving, romantic relationship that they bo th learn for. Their situation seems to have grown form the trauma and grief of their childhood and the lack of adequate adult caretaking. They have chosen to take care of each other, fell into a pattern and are unable to disengage at this time. While they are resigned to the fact, seems neither happy nor fulfilled. Their relationship is an obligation. Chapter5 - War's End The character in this chapter is depressed and suicidal. He speaks freely of the despair and depression and one becomes familiar of his actual plan as he talks about the cliffs early on in the story. This chapter talks a great deal about the effects of the depression on his wife and her desperate attempts to help her husband. She seems willing to do anything. It appears that his depression is doing severe that the psychiatrist has been unable to find a medication or treatment regime that works. The fact that he is unable to work or provide for his young wife in anyway seems to bring him a great deal of guilt. He wants to let her off the hook caring for him. He is uncomfortable with the possibility that she is simply obligated to him and is giving up so much of her own life to care for him. The relationship with the old woman and her grandson gives Mr. Lewis some meaning in his life as he reads to the dying grandson. However, this meaning does not seem sufficient to keep him alive, to prevent him from committing suicide. Mr. Lewis talks of symptoms that include being unable to get out of bed, lack of energy, no interest in sex, and of course the constant suicidal thoughts. Chapter 6 - Reunion In this chapter, the main character has AIDS and is preparing for his own death. He is mourning his own death. In preparation, he leaves work, lets his utilities go unpaid and retreats to spending most of his time alone. He is writing letters to his deceased father, explaining his life and letting his father know that he will be with him soon.. The character is sad and likely depressed, though as expected. He is preparing to die. As in some of the other chapters in this book, there is guilt associated with the sadness and grief. He is looking back on his life and feeling that he made mistakes. He didn't do enough to protect himself from the disease, though he was aware of the risks. What is so disturbing about this chapter is that the character has ongoing sexual relationships with strangers in a park. Though condoms are mentioned, one wonders if Finn is acting responsibly or putting other men at risk. Chapter 7 - Divination This chapter focused on a young boy's premonition, an experience he felt that he shared with his father. The young boy, Sam had dreams, feelings and what seem to be premonitions about people impending death. His feeling about a teacher at his boarding school was realized when the old man died. Sam was aware that his father had a similar experience about t a cousin that had died years earlier. When he attempts to talk to his parents regarding this feeling they shut him down. They seem afraid of his feelings and want his to ignore the feelings as simply dreams. His mother offers him a therapist and his parents are able to explain the premonitions as more predictions regarding a person who is elderly or ill. When Sam has a feeling that his 16-year-old brother will die, he shares it with his parents and his father punishes him. The story of course ends when his brother is in a serious auto accident and though we never know for sure, the story indicates that the brother, Trevor has in fac t died. Chapter 8 - My Fathers Business In this chapter, we read about a brief period in a young man life. He is suffering from bipolar disorder that is resistant to treatment. His father had the same condition. The chapter is written in a manic fashion, moving from one scene to the next and includes a great deal of the main characters writing. He is aware of his illness and his father's illness and in one manic phase, an attempt to do what he says is research on human emotions through a series of taped interviews with family and friends. The interviews make little sense as the questions are unstructured and much of his own scattered thoughts become part of the recording. His psychiatrist ahs had the tape recordings transferred to written transcripts for the benefit of a doctor in an inpatients hospital that Dan will be admitted to. By the end of the story we know that Dan leaves the facility after little progress and the doctor does not have a good outlook for Dan's future. The chapter reviews Dan and his fathers racing t houghts, scattered and disorganization which impacts their ability to succeed thought they are both apparently quite intelligent. Chapter 9 - The Volunteer This chapter discusses the relationship between an older woman with an apparently long history of mental illness. Her symptoms suggest that she has schizophrenia. She experiences hallucinations and delusions, evident in her trip to the mall with Ted as well as her recollection of giving birth. If her symptoms were recent, coming about with age the reader may conclude that she suffers from Alzheimer's or some other organic brain disorder. However, the history given in the chapter tells of Mrs. Maynard's symptoms and stay at an institution as a young woman, before she was married. The fact that her symptoms and hospitalizations are long term in addition to the hallucination, disorganized thoughts and delusions lead to the diagnosis of schizophrenia. She seems to go in and out of lucidity, at times having meaningful conversations with the teenage volunteer that visits her, Ted. At other times, her thoughts are confused and scattered and she responds to the hallucinations of people in he r past, such as Hester. She is able to provide some support and advice to Ted as he considers a relationship with a girl at school and at those times the relationship between Ted and Mrs. Maynard seems like grandson and grandmother. At eh beginning of the chapter, there is a hint that Ted's mother may have some form of mental illness, or perhaps addiction. He calls to his mother through the bedroom door as he leaves for school and receives no response. His brother tells him not to bother trying. Perhaps Ted's interest in the volunteer position is connected to his own family history and ill mother. Reference Adam Haslett 'You Are Not a Stranger Here' London : Vintage, 2003.

Gerardus Mercator essays

Gerardus Mercator essays On March fifth, 1512, a boy soon to be one of the greatest influences on the exploration of our planet, was born. Originally named Gerard de Cremere, Gerardus Mercator first studied at Hertogenbosch in the Netherlands, then in 1530, at the age of 18, entered the University of Louvain, studying humanities and philosophy. From there he graduated with an M.A. in 1532. After graduating, Mercator began to have worries on how to reconcile the account of the origin of the universe given in the Bible with that given by Aristotle. Although traveling to many places, including Antwerp and Mechelen, the only result he obtained from his travels was that he became deeply interested in geography. Mercator returned to Louvain after realizing his true passion, and studied mathematics under Gemma Frisius, instrument making and engraving under Gaspar Myrica, and learned how top apply mathematics to geography and astronomy, and in 1534 married Barbara Schellekens, by whom he had six children. By the time he was 24, Mercator was a superb engraver, an outstanding calligrapher, and a highly skilled instrument maker. In 1535 1536, Mercator, working with Myrica and Frisius, constructed a terrestrial globe. In 1537 they constructed a globe of the stars. Mercator, from 1537 1540, produced maps of Palestine, Flanders, and the world with a new projection. In 1544 Mercator was charged with heresy partly due to his Protestant beliefs, but also because of the fact that he traveled so widely to acquire information for his maps, suspicions were aroused. After spending seven months in prison, he was released, mainly due to strong support from the University of Louvain. Then in 1552, he moved to Duisburg and opened a cartographic workshop. Once in Duisburg, Mercator completed a project to produce a new map of Europe (1554) and taught mathematics from 1559 to 1562. In 1564, more maps followed: one of Lorraine and one of the British Isle...

Careers Ideas for English Majors

Careers Ideas for English Majors English majors are fortunate in that they graduate with degrees in a field that nearly everyone has heard of. The problem they face, however, is turning that English major into an actual job. Fortunately, many employers are aware that English majors come with a unique set of skills. Consider applying your knowledge in writing, critical thinking, and literature in one of the following careers. Careers in English Teach English in the United States. Its the classic choice for many English majors - and for good reason. If you love literature, working with students and writing, teaching in the U.S. through a program like Teach for America can be a great first gig.  Teach English abroad. Love to travel? Want to live somewhere new? Want to learn a new language? Teaching English abroad can be a great option for blending your personal and professional interests.Work in marketing for a for-profit company. Writing well may come easily to you, but it doesnt for everyone. Put your skills to work at a big companys marketing department.Be a freelance editor. Love helping people develop their own work? Consider freelancing as an editor.Be a freelance proofreader. Are you the person whom everyone comes to on campus to make sure their grammar and punctuation are perfect? Start charging for those services and see if you can make a career for yourself.Work for a newspaper. Contrary to popular belief, news o rganizations are on the rise and still hiring. Consider working as a journalist or editor. Work at a bookstore. Love books? Use your passion for literature to inspire the same passion in others.Work at a nonprofit that focuses on a love of literature. Consider working for a place like 826, which  focuses on bringing reading and books to those most in need.Do communications work for a large company. Creating copy and communication plans for a large company can be a fantastic challenge.  Do communications work for a nonprofit. You have awesome writing skills. Nonprofits need awesome folks. Pick an organization you love and you just might have a match made in heaven.Work as an editor or proofreader for a magazine. See if you can blend another of your passions - like photography, for example - by working as an editor or proofreader for a magazine in the field.Work as an editor or proofreader for a website. Most websites are designed and written by folks who want to get their information out. Make sure that information is clear and well written.Pursue life as a freelance writer.  Throw your hat in the ring and see if your skills as a freelance writer can pay the bills. Work at a library.  Working at a library can be a great way to interact daily with books and other tomes of information, with the added bonus of working more extensively with the community.Work at a local theater. Many local theater houses need folks with multiple talents: writing, acting, proofreading, editing. Put your multiple skills to use while having fun, too.Write promotional materials for a sports team. Love sports? Have a local sports team nearby? See if you can get a gig helping with the teams writing needs.Work at a TV station. You may think you need a degree in broadcasting to work at a TV station. But all those stories you hear on the news at night need to be written, edited, and proofread by someone who knows what theyre doing.Work at a radio station. Similar to TV, radio stations are in need of English majors. From writing marketing materials to proofreading promos, a radio station can be a fun and exciting place to work.Work for a technology company. You may picture tons of techs working in cubes when you think of a technology company. But all those instruction manuals, websites, user guides, and even video games need people to translate them from code to real English. Be a grant writer. Grant writing is a unique field that will allow you to help support a cause you believe in, work for an interesting organization, put your writing skills to work, and see the direct results of your efforts. Not too bad for a days work.

Seminar in criminology - Discussion 10 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Seminar in criminology - Discussion 10 - Essay Example However, it cannot be determined chiefly by looking at the offender’s arrest data. The drawback is that not all forms of crimes get recorded in official police documents. Nonetheless, by measuring the time that has elapsed until the offender committed another crime is one of the ways of measuring recidivism and has no drawback. Interviewing the offender to establish whether he or she has committed more crimes after enrolling in a probation program is also helpful. The drawback is that the offender may lie. Another way to measure would be to make charts of the new offenses that the offender commits over the amount of time that elapses. Lastly, making an analysis of the criminal events that the offender carries out such as violations, convictions and new arrests is also helpful. The drawback in this case is that not all offenders get arrested based on truthful causes. Burgess found that those offenders who had no favorable items and those who had nine unfavorable items were the ones who were not likely to succeed while on probation (Thistlethwaite & Wooldredge, 2014). On page 294, it is evident that Burgess found that they only had a 45% chance of succeeding (Thistlethwaite & Wooldredge,

International marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

International marketing - Essay Example In today’s environment, a lot of segmentation has been done in every industry and for every product (Segmentation strategy, n.d.). Examples of the two major industries that are textile industry and hair care industry are discussed in subsequent paragraphs in order to provide insights about segmentation options. Since the needs and wants of customers are getting more customized and particular, therefore after the broader markets are defined, marketers go for further segmentation especially when they are addressing internal markets. These additional segmentations are called as Segmentation Options for instance if a company deals in hair care products, then the market which it selects to cater can depend upon several options. The segmentation option available to an international marketer can include different problems of hair. Therefore, it can address the needs of customers related to hair fall, dandruff, damaged hair, dry and dull hair etc. Apart from focusing on the hair probl ems, other segmentation option includes type of products to be delivered. They can include hair shampoo, hair conditioner, hair gel, hair spray, hair mask, hair color, hair oil etc. These will be considered as segmentation options available to international marketer through which it can enter a new market. ... Apart from the type of product, other segmentation options include manner of usage. Manner of usage is more inclined toward the events where the products can be used for instance clothes can be further categorized as bridal wear, party wear, office wear etc. In linens, marketer has to decide which products to prepare. Options include bed sheets, bed covers, curtains, pillow cover cushions etc. Nature of fabric comprises of the material that will be required for each individual product. 2. Discuss, giving examples, how an organization can determine the appropriateness of an international market. Explain what issues in gathering information may be experienced.   Appropriateness of Marketing Internationally Nowadays, concern of appropriateness is always in center of the minds of international marketers. That’s what brings an epic recession to the widely known brands of the world. Numbers of products get obsolete due to their inappropriateness in the market. The brands which are best positioned nowadays are the one which are relevant, necessary, wholesome as well as caring and nurturing. In the world of brands, marketers are facing an emotional recession that is causing the decline in the norms of acceptable brands. International marketing requires being very relevant and appropriate otherwise the products will become disasters. An example of inappropriate product includes McPizza which was introduced by McDonalds in mid-nineties. McDonalds spent a large amount on expensive ovens and drive through windows that were not required at all. The Pizza market was already so much saturated that Americans gradually abandoned and finally forgot if any pizza was introduced by McDonalds. The

Collaborative Working Policies Analysis

Collaborative Working Policies Analysis Introduction Q1. In this assignment, I will investigate and research policy and legislation surrounding collaborative working and the positives and negatives. Collaborative working is the term used when two or more organizations, agencies or government bodies come together and share knowledge and information to obtain positive outcomes. The focus is to address specific areas or achieve certain goals for positive results. Its how we contribute and interrelate with others to deliver a positive and well-managed service. It is person-cantered and not service cantered which was done in the past when people had to fit around a service, whereas now its the service that needs to fit the individual. Collaborative working can be achieved in small groups or larger groups such as health services working alongside education, social care. a smaller group can be local voluntary groups and community health. The scope of collaborative working is a way of improving and identifying the need for change where it is m ost needed. Over the years, interest in collaborative working has been growing, driven by the sectors drive for effectiveness and efficiency, public opinion and government policy [www. knowhownonprofit.org] The Scottish government has recognized that more must be done to tackle health and social care and working with the NHS and local council care services, in particular, the elderly, to enable them to remain in their own homes and receiving treatment without having to go into hospital. The Scottish government will transfer  £107 million from the NHS into health and social care partnerships as well as £100million to the integrated care fund, this will allow more money to be spent in community and primary services. [www.scot.gov] Q2. Legislation. Public Bodies [Joint Working] [Scotland]Act 2014: This act came into effect on April 1st, 2014.The main purpose was to strengthen the roles of care workers and clinicians to deliver a service that is person-cantered and to ensure that every individual is treated with respect and dignity and improve the wellbeing of the service user. All the Partnerships will be jointly accountable to Local Authorities, Ministers, NHS Board Chairs and the public for delivering the nationally agreed outcomes set out by the act. [www.scot.gov] Policy: Health and Wellbeing outcomes policy framework is set out to improving the quality of services that are integrated in health and social care ,ensuring that the all local authorities and local health boards have a very transparent understanding on each ones reasonability when working as part of an integrated service across Scotland and to implement positive improvements so that every individual that uses the health or care setting are given top quality service ensuring their experiences on using these services are positive ones for them and their families. There are nine outcomes that apply to integrated health and social care at present some of these are: 1. That people are able to improve their own wellbeing and health, live for longer. 2. health and social care services aim to improve the life and quality of people who use these services. 3. Health and social care services contribute to reducing health inequalities 4. People who use health and social care services have positive experiences of those services, and have their dignity respected [www.scot.gov]] This is only half of what the government proposes to implement to integrated services in health and social care across Scotland. In Scotland when there is a sudden death or accidental death there is usually further investigation to determine the exact cause and if the death could have been prevented in line with the Fatal Accidents and Sudden Deaths Inquiry (Scotland) Act 1976, for the purpose of this assignment I have chosen the death of Declan Hainey Fatal accident inquiry into the death of Declan Hainey Declan died between 1st July 2009/31st august 2009.he was only 15months old when he was last seen alive, it was another 8 months before his body was discovered in Kimberly Hainey home march 2010 His mother Kimberly Hainey was found guilty of his murder, she was charged with murder and neglect, these charges were quashed in April 2013, and Kimberly Hainey was free. [www.bbc.uk.news] Kimberly was known to several agencies before and after the birth of Declan, as she had a history of drug and alcohol misuse. Declans cause of death is unascertained. However, the prolonged neglect of Declan by his mother and sole carer Kimberley Hainey was at least a contributory factor in his death. There was no collaborative working where there should have been, there was no consistency with health visitors/social workers Sherriff Anderson identified the following factors where the death of Declan might have been avoided à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ If all agencies involved in the information gathering process pre-birth/post-birth had all information and medical records available to them, then child protection measures could have been put in place which would have resulted in close monitoring and assessment over a longer period and under closer scrutiny of social work and health visitors then the case would not have been closed without a formal inter-agency review. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ If medical information relating to Kimberlys long history of alcohol and drug abuse and her psychiatric history had been passed to social work and health staff who had continuing responsibility for Declan, would have contributed to a more realistic assessment of the risks which existed in relation to Kimberlys ability to care for her son. [ www.scot-judiciary.org] Sherriff Anderson set out four factors and recommendations that are relevant to prevent a breakdown in communication and collaborative working in future, as he identified in Declans case Action to be taken when a notification of concern in relation to an unseen child is received by a social work department. Mandatory training of general practitioners in the guidance and protocols relating to child protection. Improve staffing levels in social work and health services The distribution of medical information to those working in cases where there are children of substance misusing parents or care. [ www.scot-judiciary.org] Sadly, it was too late for Declan, but hopefully, lessons and recommendations set out by Sherriff Anderson will be adhered in their full capacity. There have been improvements across the health and social care sector, but sadly it was too late for some. Q3. For collaborative working to be effective there are national and local organizations that promote collaborative working. These are the National care standards which were set up by Scottish ministers under Regulation of Care (Scotland) Act 2001and formed the national care standards committee who had the help of several groups of people and families that used care services as well as professionals, local authorities, which resulted in the standards that were set to meet their needs, and services to create the standards and everyone working in the care setting is held accountable to.[www.gov.scot] Another national organisation promoting collaborative working is the JIT[The Joint Improvement Team] also the JIT action team who is governed by the Joint Improvement partnership board and is in partnership with NHS Scotland, the Scottish government and COSLA[Convention of Scottish Local Authorities]They provide a range of support to local care services and housing associations their missi on is for continues improvement creativity, effective collaboration with a wide range of services across Scotland.[www. Convention of Scottish Local Authorities.org.uk] One local organization I have identified is a community group called FAIR [Family Action in Rogerfield Easterhouse] who work with people of all ages and live in disadvantaged areas to bring them together and built positive relationships. They offer social, education and practical support to enhance their skills to gain employment, have healthier lifes, to achieve this they run different workshops daily to meet the needs of every individual such as SVQ classes, cooking clubs and an employability programme . These can only be achieved by the collaborative working of local businesses and health boards[fare-scotland.org] Another local organization is social work services who work with health professionals such as CAMHS, care providers, and families. These organizations are involved in collaborative working as this promot es the wellbeing and safeguarding of everyone who needs care, by identifying their needs, giving people receiving care a voice and be heard. By working together, it meets the needs of the individual and ensures the best quality of care that will fit around the individual and not the individual fitting around the service. It allows services to be able to share information that has a person-centred approach enabling a better outcome for the individual as each will have a shared knowledge and understanding of that individual. By working with all these agencies ensures that the persons needs can be met. Q.4.There is advantages and disadvantages when working collaboratively with other organizations. The advantages are everyone involved has one focus and thats to deliver the best possible care requirements for every person receiving or requiring a care service. By working together, it brings together a wide selection of skills and builds teams relationships enabling everyone to work better together and having more resources available to work with that will deliver a service that allows the individual to feel empowered in the service they receive. It works with individuals with a wide range of needs whether it be physical or mental, before people would have to go to lots of different agencies to meet their support needs, now that services have come together it enables more people not to feel overwhelmed by the number of agencies they would have had to go to, to seek the right support .There can also be disadvantages such as conflicts of interest as everyone has their own agendas and po licies to adhere to that may not coincide with a neighbouring organization and has financial restraints and who decides to make the final decisions as each has different values and beliefs this causing conflict amongst the employees. when delivering care regardless of your position, its not whats best for us but what will empower the individual to have a fulfilling life with barriers down and given opportunities for positive outcomes, regardless of their sex, gender, culture, religion or age Conclusion Q.5.Doing this assignment I have learned that collaborative working is a positive approach to providing services to people that work for them and with the organisations working together and sharing information it allows if any the risks and dangers that a person may endeavour to be recognised as early as possible and allowing the relevant agencies to act on the dangers and risks if the appropriate care is not sourced to accommodate a person needs and requirements it can have a detrimental effect on that individual and others. On researching the Declan Hainey case was a prime example of why its important that all the agencies involved with an individual who is at risk to themselves or others, be acted on immediately. Lessons are learned by mistakes that are made, even horrific ones such as Declan Haneys. What needs to be taken into consideration is its not about who has the most power and resources but to work equally to provide a service to individuals and remembering that every indi vidual is unique and require different services to meet their specific needs. Social care has been highlighted in the media on a negative perspective showing how some social care services dont work with other agencies and can lead to neglect and abuse to service users who may have no advocacy working on their behalf. There is also the good care settings that very rarely get the recognition in media showing how services can work together collaboratively to deliver a service with positive outcomes for everyone seeking help or advice .in the service I work with ,we work with a number of different agencies that have all the same scope to delivering a service that meets the needs of every young person we cater for, from CAHMS[Child Adolescent Mental Health Services]to local schools/colleges/dentists/skills development Scotland/drugs alcohol workers ,this is just a few of the services that every young person has access to on a daily basis. By working together effectively we are also learn ing from each other enhancing our knowledge in different areas we may not have access to if there was no collaborative working. REEFRENCE BBC (2013) Kimberley Hainey murder conviction quashed on appeal. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-22183497 (Accessed: 6 March 2017). Connor, A., Maclennan, E. and Price, S. (eds.) (2009) Higher national certificate in social care student book. Oxford: Heinemann. Garfinkel, J. (2016) Working together to achieve your mission knowhow nonprofit. Available at: https://knowhownonprofit.org/organisation/collaboration/working-collaboratively/working-together-to-achieve-your-mission-ncvo# (Accessed: 20 February 2017). Government, S., House, S.A., Road, R. (2017) The Scottish government home page. Available at: http://www.gov.scot (Accessed: 25 February 2017). Home (2016) Moodle. Available at: http://moodle.westcollegescotland.ac.uk/course/view.php?id=2237 (Accessed: 26 February 2017). Office, J. and Scotland (2017) Fatal accident inquiry into the death of Declan Hainey judgments sentences judiciary of Scotland. Available at: http://www.scotland-judiciary.org.uk/10/1308/Fatal-Accident-Inquiry-into-the-death-of-Declan-Hainey (Accessed: 21 February 2017). Scotland, J. (2006a) Background joint improvement team (JIT). Available at: http://www.jitscotland.org.uk/about-jit/background/ (Accessed: 25 February 2017). Scotland, J. (2006b) JIT joint improvement team. Available at: http://www.jitscotland.org.uk/ (Accessed: 25 February 2017). User, S. (2001) Our history Scottish social services council. Available at: http://www.sssc.uk.com/about-the-sssc/what-is-the-sssc/our-history (Accessed: 25 February 2017).  £107m for health and social care integration (no date) Available at: https://beta.gov.scot/news/107m-for-health-and-social-care-integration/ (Accessed: 20 February 2017). Welcome

Examining the Impacts of Regular Bikram Yoga Practice on Health, Stress and Anxiety

EXAMINING THE IMPACTS OF REGULAR BIKRAM YOGA PRACTICE ON HEALTH, STRESS AND ANXIETY By DiAnne Garza Email: dianne. [email  protected] com Final Version Submitted to Dr. Luz Romay in partial fulfillment of the requirements for class Organizational Research and Assessment, ORGD 6330 December 7, 2011 Executive Summary Bikram yoga was developed thirty years ago by Bikram Choudhury, a renowned Hatha Yoga Master. It is a specific yoga practice that is carried out in 105? F at 40% humidity for 90 minutes.Some studies and practitioners have suggested that Bikram yoga practice has positive impacts on physical health as well as decreasing stress and anxiety. There were certain inclusion criteria for participation in this study. Age was not an exclusion and participants ranged in age from 18 to over 60 years of age. This study sought to interview active students of Bikram yoga who have been practicing consistently for at least the last eight weeks, at a minimum of three times per week.Student s meeting the requirements at the Bikram yoga studios in San Antonio were invited to complete the survey instrument from November 16 through November 26, 2011. Seventy-five students responded to the survey. The results indicated that there are significant positive results from regularly practicing Bikram yoga. Since Bikram yoga encourages students to hold poses in a â€Å"hot† room it increases heart rate and acts as a cardiovascular exercise without the high impact normally associated with cardio exercises.The results of the survey instrument yielded over 50% of respondents reporting an answer of â€Å"somewhat better† for all of the questions, indicating that most respondents see a benefit in their practice. Additionally, stress and anxiety decreased with over 80% of respondents reporting somewhat to much less anxious and stressed. Improvements to physical fitness were observed with over 90% reporting improved physical fitness and improvement to flexibility and balan ce. There was a decrease in weight with 51% reporting a weight loss and 49% reporting that they ate somewhat less.Therefore, Bikram yoga should be considered by the medical community as the first option for improving physical fitness including overall strength, balance, flexibility and decreasing weight. Introduction to the study Background of the Problem The main topic of this research was to determine the effect, if any, of Bikram Yoga on perceived stress and its impact on physical fitness. Bikram Choudhury developed this yoga thirty years. Choudhury was born in Calcutta and he began studying yoga at the age of four.By the time he was 14 he had won the National India Yoga Contest and there he remained undefeated for the next three years (Choudhury, 2007). Choudhury went on to weight lifting and eventually set a world record for weight lifting in the 1964 Olympics in Tokyo. As he continued his weight lifting practice he experienced a serious knee injury and was told by doctors he w ould never walk again. This led Choudhury back to his original yoga teacher to once again pursue yoga. Through regular practice he became completely healed and established what is now known as Bikram yoga.Although an exact number of Bikram yoga studio locations could not be identified, studios can be found in Hawaii, Canada, Mexico, Nicaragua, Chile, Spain, Ireland, Norway, Finland, Italy, Austria, France, and Germany as well as all over the United States including Texas with three studios in San Antonio (â€Å"Studio Map View†, 2011). The main purpose of this study was to assess the post perceived stress levels of Bikram yoga students who have been regularly attending for at least eight weeks and at least three times per week.The study also intended to asses the impacts of practice on physical fitness level and general health of these students after regular practice. The topic of this research was to determine if Bikram yoga helps one manage anxiety and stress better and if it actually decreased perceived stress after a session. The Problem People experience stress from various aspects in their lives, at different levels and intensities. This stress contributes to feelings of anxiety as well as overall physical wellbeing.Additionally, many people have injuries, weakened muscles, experiences of shortness of breath during high cardiovascular activities, and many other ailments that prevent them from doing regular exercise. There is a form of yoga called Bikram Yoga that does not require high cardiovascular activity, yet it produces the same effects as if it did. The problem statement was: Does a regular practice of Bikram Yoga decrease stress and anxiety for people with uncomfortable levels of stress and anxiety as well as improve physical fitness? PurposeThe purpose of this research was to examine how people who practice Bikram yoga perceive its impact on decreasing their level of stress and increase physical fitness. It helped determine if regular prac tice of a 90 minute Bikram yoga session at least three times per week experienced in 105? F temperature with 40% humidity was beneficial or detrimental to the body. Initial Research Questions This initial plan included three research questions that represented the main objectives of the study. The three questions were: 1. What changes can one expect to see in their body as a result of regular and consistent Bikram yoga practice? . Does regular Bikram yoga practice significantly decrease weight? 3. How has perceived stress level been impacted or changed by regular and consistent Bikram yoga practice? Organizational Access The organization that was used for the study was Bikram Yoga – San Antonio. There are three studios in San Antonio of which the researcher had access to. At the end of each class email addresses were collected for those interested in participating in the survey and that met the requirements. Students received the study via email from SurveyMonkey. com.Schedul e of the Process The high level timeline was: †¢ November 13, 2011Completion of survey †¢ November 16 – 23, 2011Distribution of survey †¢ November 27, 2011Analysis of survey Assumptions There were two main assumptions in the study. First that the Bikram yoga studios in San Antonio would continue classes and the room would remain at 105? F and at 40% humidity. It was also assumed that participants responding to the survey were honest in meeting the requirements. Limitation The scope of the study was limited to students practicing in the San Antonio locations.Additionally, the medical condition and fitness level of those students participating in the study could not be determined in this study. Definitions Asana Defined as a physical posture. A yoga session is composed of various standing, seated, and lying asanas; Bikram yoga is a series of 26 asanas. Bikram Yoga A specific series of yoga asanas assembled by Bikram Choudhury (2007). A Bikram session is comprised of a series of 26 postures including two breathing exercise, requiring 90 minutes to complete, and takes place in a temperature-controlled room (approximately 105 degrees Fahrenheit, 40% humidity).Perceived Stress The degree to which situations in one’s life are appraised as stressful. Psychological stress has been defined as the extent to which persons perceive (appraise) that their demands exceed their ability to cope. Physical Fitness The participants’ level of general fitness (a state of health and well-being), and specific fitness (a task-oriented definition based on the ability to perform specific aspects of sports or occupations). Sanskrit The classical language of India and Hinduism. Yoga Literally means ‘to yoke’, to join mind and body.Yoga is an ancient Indian practice that couples physical postures with conscious attention to breathing, and meditative practice. Review of the preliminary research To understand what was already known about the im pacts of Bikram yoga on physical health a literature review was conducted on three current journal articles. The first article was entitled Yoga Effects on Stress and Health and was written by Dr. Tiffany Fields in Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice. Dr. Fields conducted a research effort on the effects of yoga poses on a human being with regard to many factors.Many existing empirically-based research efforts and studies were utilized to reach the conclusions in this research effort. Psychological conditions were examined including anxiety and depression, cardiovascular fitness and physiological levels. This included the effects on heart rate, blood pressure, weight loss and muscle strength. Dr. Fields cited several studies that yielded an enhanced mindfulness and a reduction in job stress. People who attended only two weekly 90 minute yoga sessions experienced a noted decrease in stress, anxiety, fatigue, depression, head and back pain with an increase in well-being.The e ffects of the yoga were found to be immediate, following only one session. At the end of one year of yoga cholesterol was reduced by 23% compared to 4% for those in standard treatment. A decrease in anginal episodes was observed in addition to decreased body weight. Surgeries were less frequently required in the group who practiced yoga. In each and every condition yoga was found to be of some benefit in varying degrees, but always noticeable. The physical effects were also reviewed which consisted of weight loss, balance and flexibility and leg strength.This study suggested that regular yoga practice can have amazing impacts on the human body and can also be considered a part of a prescription plan for various ailments. Regular yoga practice can help alleviate various forms of pain and symptoms of disease as well as feeling ill at ease. A Review of Yoga Programs for Four Leading Risk Factors of Chronic Diseases was the second article reviewed written by K. Yang found in Evidence Ba sed Complementary and Alternative Medicine. This research effort focused on four major risk factors in the human body that most contribute to chronic diseases and yoga’s impact on affecting those risk factors.Since there are four common medical conditions that lead to chronic disease in the United States the study sought to identify if yoga would help mitigate those conditions. The four risk factors noted are weight, blood glucose level, blood pressure and cholesterol level. The research included a review of thirty-two articles published between 1980 and April 2007 that were related to yoga and the four risk factors. The practice of yoga yielded an overall improvement in every one of the four risk factors. The improvement increased over time; as the yoga practice continued on a consistent basis the risk factors would measurably decrease.Of all of the articles and studies reviewed by Yang they all show that, â€Å"yoga has beneficial effects on body weight, BP, blood glucose level and cholesterol level. † (2007, pg. 489). Yang proposed that because of these benefits yoga intervention programs should be developed as a means to combat the four factors contributing to disease in the United States. Incorporating yoga into one’s lifestyle and as a part of a medical prescription plan can help one live a healthier life for a longer period of time. The treatment of chronic disease should take the benefits of yoga practice into consideration.The final article reviewed was An Examination of the Effectiveness of an 8-week Bikram Yoga Program on Mindfulness, Perceived Stress, and Physical Fitness conducted by Zoe Louise Hewett at Boise State University in 2010. Ms. Hewett set out to monitor participants in an eight week Bikram yoga practice to understand the impact of the practice on mindfulness, perceived stress and physical fitness. The participant’s consisted of fifty one men and women between the ages of 20-54 years. The students had to atte nd three Bikram yoga sessions per week, however they were encouraged to attend five.The results were measured two weeks into the study and again within one week of completion of the program. In the three areas of focus, that is mindfulness, perceived stress and physical fitness, all were improved by regular Bikram yoga attendance. This study revealed that Bikram yoga can improve one’s body in as little as eight weeks with a regular practice of only three times per week. Bikram yoga has been proven to positively affect psychological and physical health. Furthermore, regular Bikram yoga practice can measurably improve one’s physical fitness in the matter of eight weeks with an attendance of three times per week.Method of research The participants were from the Bikram yoga – San Antonio locations. To collect the data email addresses were collected from students after each class to disseminate the instrument via SurveyMonkey. com and the survey was also posted on th e Facebook page of the Bikram Yoga – San Antonio studio. Within one day there were over 60 respondents so the response rate was more than double what was hoped for. Once 75 respondents completed the survey it was closed. The data captured on SurveyMonkey. com with regard to Bikram yoga was transcribed into Microsoft Office Excel version 2003.This application was used to capture all of the survey questions with their respective responses and optional comments as they were entered by the respondents. Furthermore, Microsoft Office Word version 2003 was utilized to analyze the open-ended response to the last question on the survey. This allowed an easy way to highlight key words in each open ended response and classify them into various categories. Survey results The total number of responses was 75 total, 60 female (80%) and 15 male (20%). The age group of respondents ranged from 20 & under to 60 and above.The respondents have been practicing Bikram yoga for varying time frames. |1. Gender |   |Percent |Count | |   |Female |80 |60 | |   |Male |20 |15 | |   |   |  100 |75 | |2.Age Group |   |   |   | |   |20 & under |2. 7 |2 | |   |21 – 29 |22. 7 |17 | |   |30 – 40 |45. |34 | |   |41 – 50 |18. 7 |14 | |   |51 – 60 |6. 7 |5 | |   |60 & above |4 |3 | |   |   |100. 1 |75 | |3.Number of months/years practicing   | |   |1 – 3 months |16 |12 | |   |4 – 9 months |12 |9 | |   |9 – 12 months |12 |9 | |   |1 – 3 years |30. |23 | |   |3 – 5 years |13. 3 |10 | |   |Greater than 5 years |16 |12 | |   | |100 |75 | Figure 1 – Gender, Age & Length of Time Practicing Fifty percent or more respondents reported an answer of â€Å"somewhat better† for all of the questions, indicating that most respondents see a benefit in their practice. 4. Has your stress level changed since you have been practicing Bikram yoga? | |   |Much less stressed |58. 7 |44 | |   |Somewhat less stressed |34. 7 |26 | |   |   |93. |70 | |   |   |   |   | |5. Has your anxiety level changed since you have been practicing Bikram yoga? | |   |Much less instances of anxiety |49. 30% |37 | |   |Somewhat less instances of anxiety |33. 0% |25 | |   |   |82. 60% |62 | |   |   |   |   | |6. Has your physical fitness changed since you have been practicing Bikram yoga? | |   |Somewhat more physically fit |45. 0% |34 | |   |Much more physically fit |46. 70% |35 | |   |   |92. 00% |69 | |   |   |   |   | |7.Has your flexibility and balance changed since you have been practicing Bikram yoga? | |   | |Much better |Somewhat better | |   |Flexibility |66. 7% (50) |29. 3% (22) | |   |Balance |50. 7% (38) |40. % (30) | |   |   |   |   | |   |   |   |   | |8. Has your weight changed since you have been practicing Bikram yoga? | |   |Weight is not more or less since starting |28. 0% |21 | | |Bikram yoga | | | |   |Weight has somewhat decreased |50. 70% |38 | |   |   |78. 70% |59 | |   |   |   |   | |9.Have your eating habits changed as a result of practicing |   |   |   | |Bikram yoga? | | | | |   |Eating habits have not changed at all |32. 00% |24 | |   |Eat somewhat less |49. 30% |37 | |   |   |81. 0% |61 | Figure 2 – Improvement Indicators The first theme noted was stress and anxiety decreased with over 80% of respondents reporting somewhat to much less anxious and stressed. [pic] Figure 3 – Stress & Anxiety Level Improvements The second theme noted was an improvement to physical fitness with over 90% reporting improved physical fitness and improvement to flexibility and balance. [pic]Figure 4 – Physical Fitness Improvements The third theme was a decrease in weight with 51% reporting a weight loss and 49% reporting that they ate somewhat less. [pic]Figure 5 – Weight Loss & Eating Improvements The final theme is an overall fe eling of improvement as indicated by responses to the last open-ended question. Participants reported a deep sense of physical and mental calmness after yoga sessions and feeling less stressed overall. A deeper understanding of oneself and awareness of strengths along with feelings of happiness was also reported. The last question in the survey was, â€Å"What is the best or worst thing that has happened to you as a result of your Bikram Yoga practice? † All seventy-five responses were copied into Word.The responses were analyzed for general tone and themes as recommended by Church & Waclawski (p. 198). The first category, â€Å"healthier† is related to responses indicating a general healthier body while â€Å"major health benefit† is strictly related to responses indicated a major medical improvement. These open ended responses include cures of insomnia, elimination of back pain, spine pain relief that surgery did not cure, complete healing of injuries, sciatic a healing, neck pain removal that a chiropractor could never heal and others that were beyond the simple idea of being healthier. Please refer to the Appendix for a list of all open ended responses). The break down of responses was as follows: [pic] Figure 6 – Open Ended Responses by Category Conclusions and recommendations Results from the literature review and survey responses suggest that using yoga as a solution for medical issues, weight loss and overall feelings of well being and as a medical intervention is worthy of further research. Based on the results presented from the survey the following is a summary of the conclusions reached: 1. Practicing Bikram yoga yields many medical benefits that provide visible improvements. 2.Literature reviews combined with the survey indicate that practicing Bikram yoga can reverse negative medical diagnosis in many areas including physical, mental and alleviate serious conditions such as heart disease risk factors. 3. Bikram yoga can be a non-invasive holistic approach to curing dis-ease. Based on the above, a series of recommendations are offered: 1. A psychological context of the impacts of practicing Bikram yoga should be conducted. Investigate any parallels of slower, regulated breathing combined with increased mindfulness and a gentle physical exercise and focus with a more consistent relaxed state of mind. 2.Conduct a study to see if values change after a year of Bikram practice. Shifts in values may lead to a more relaxed and accepting state of mind. 3. Develop a series of intervention programs using Bikram yoga for specific problems or symptoms. Plan of Action Yoga has been practiced for thousands of years to improve physical and emotional well-being. Empirical research on yoga has been going on for quite some time as revealed by the literature reviews. The literature reviews and the survey results point to yoga being a benefit on many levels to include physiological and physical. Due to these results t he plan of action is: 1. To develop a prescription plan for the San Antonio medical community that includes Bikram yoga practice. Development of protocols should be conducted with medical doctors and practitioners along with Bikram yoga studio owners and advanced practitioners of Bikram yoga. 2. ) Conduct a pilot on a select number of candidates identified from the medical community and execute the prescription plan. Conduct analysis on the pilot to validate prescription plan’s effectiveness. 3. ) Develop various protocols based on results from the pilot for analysis and prescriptions should be developed for those symptoms related to balance and lexibility, stress and anxiety, depression as well as the need for weight loss. The results of this study have practical implications worthy of further research. This study has implications that the benefits of using Bikram yoga as a mind and body based exercise program are evident, and future research is essential for a more in depth medical understanding and appreciation for this form of yoga. References Bikram Yoga and Bikram's amazing story. (n. d. ). http://www. bikram-yoga-noosa-australia. com/WhatisBikramsBeginnerYoga. htm. Retrieved October 28, 2011, from http://www. bikram-yoga-noosa-australia. om/WhatisBikramsBeginnerYoga. htm Choudhury, B. (2007). Bikram Yoga. New York, NY: Harper Collins. Church, Allan H. , & Waclawski, Janine. (1998). Designing and Using Organizational Surveys: A Seven-Step Process. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Studio Map View. (n. d. ). Bikram's Yoga College of India. Retrieved October 29, 2011. Dale, Kathleen. , & Fox, Marilyn L. , (2008). Leadership Style and Organizational Commitment: Mediating Effect of Role Stress. Journal of Management Issues. (pp. 1-18). Retrieved January 29, 2009 from http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_hb6703/is_1_20/ai_n29422403 Field, T. 2011). Yoga clinical research review. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice,  17(1), 8. doi:10. 1016/j. ctcp . 2010. 09. 007 Retrieved from http://www. ctcpjournal. com/article/S1744-3881(10)00079-4/fulltext Fiorito, Jack. Bozeman, Dennis P. , Young, Angela. & Meurs, James A. , (2007). Organizational Commitment, Human Resource Practices, and Organizational Characteristics. Journal of Managerial Issues. (pp. 1-14). Retrieved January 29, 2009 from http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_hb6703/is_2_19/ai_n29358398/pg_1? tag=content;col1 Hewett, Zoe Louise, â€Å"An Examination of the Effectiveness of an 8-weekBikram Yoga Program on Mindfulness, Perceived Stress, and Physical Fitness† (2010). Boise State University Theses and Dissertations. Paper 112. http://scholarworks. boisestate. edu/td/112 Park, Yang-Kyu, Lee, Chul-In, Kabist, Rudiger. (2008, July 1). â€Å"Human Needs as Predictors for Organizational Commitment and Job Involvement. † Management Review. (pp. 1-18) Retrieved January 29, 2009 from http://www. allbusiness. com/labor-employment/worker-categories-women-workers/11 729925-1. html Yang, K. (2007). A Review of Yoga Programs for Four Leading Risk Factors of Chronic Diseases.Evidence Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 4(4), 4. doi:10. 1093/ecam/nem154 Retrieved from http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC2176145/ Appendix A Survey Questions & Response Options 1. Select your gender. 2. Select your age group. 3. Select number of months/years practicing. 4. Has your stress level changed since you have been practicing Bikram yoga? 5. Has your anxiety level changed since you have been practicing Bikram yoga? 6. Has your physical fitness changed since you have been practicing Bikram yoga? 7. Has your flexibility and balance changed since you have been practicing Bikram yoga? . Has your weight changed since you have been practicing Bikram yoga? 9. Have your eating habits changed as a result of practicing Bikram yoga? 10. What is the best or worst thing that has happened to you as a result of your Bikram Yoga practice? Response Options Gender options: Female and Male Age group options: 1. 20 & under 2. 21 – 29 3. 30 – 40 4. 41 – 50 5. 51 – 60 6. 60 & above Number of months/years practicing options: 1. 1 – 3 months 2. 4 – 9 months 3. 9 – 12 months 4. 1 – 3 years 5. 3 – 5 years 6. Greater than 5 years Stress level changes since practicing Bikram yoga: 1.Much less stressed 2. Somewhat less stressed 3. Neither more or less stressed 4. Somewhat more stressed 5. Much more stressed Changes to anxiety level since practicing Bikram yoga options: 1. Much less instances of anxiety 2. Somewhat less instances of anxiety 3. Neither more or less instances of anxiety 4. Somewhat more instances of anxiety 5. Much more instances of anxiety Changes to physical fitness since practicing Bikram yoga options: 1. Much less physically fit 2. Somewhat less physically fit 3. Neither more or less physically fit 4. Somewhat more physically fit 5. Much more physically fitChanges t o flexibility and balance since practicing Bikram yoga options: The following are options across rows: 1. Flexibility 2. Balance The following are options across columns: 1. Much better 2. Somewhat better 3. Neither better nor worse 4. Somewhat worse 5. Much more worse Changes to weight since practicing Bikram yoga options: 1. Weight has significantly increased 2. Weight has somewhat increased 3. Weight is not more or less since starting Bikram yoga 4. Weight has somewhat decreased 5. Weight has significantly decreased Changes to eating habits as a result of practicing Bikram yoga options: . Eat much more 2. Eat somewhat more 3. Eating habits have not changed at all 4. Eat somewhat less 5. Eat much less The final question, â€Å"What is the best or worst thing that has happened to you as a result of your Bikram Yoga practice? † has an open ended form box for a response. Additionally, questions five through nine have an optional 50 character form field for a comment. Responder may only select one in each question. All questions have required responses. Appendix B The Bikram Yoga Sequence & Asana Names [pic] Figure 7 – The Bikram Yoga Sequence Appendix C Photos [pic]Figure 8 – Bikram Choudhury, born on February 10, 1946 Students are in Pose 13: Savasana [pic] Figure 9 – Pose 16: Bhujangasana [pic] Figure 10 – Pose 17: Salabhasana Appendix D Screen shot of Facebook invite for the survey [pic] Appendix E Open-ended responses |10. What is the best or worst thing that has happened to you as a result of your Bikram Yoga practice? | |Category |Response | |Healthier |Worst thing is when I miss a class or am unable to attend for some other reasons/obligations. | |Best thing Well, to be completely honest, Bikram has been the abolute best thing that could've | | |ever happened to me. I was going down a really bad path, and i have to say i feel that Bikram | | |has truly saved me life. Of course, I have to thank my God for that. But anywa y, I hope this | | |helps. Best of luck! | |Healthier |New experience in total body workout, see that there is something better than traditional gym | | |rat, sweat like never before†¦ ll good stuff. | |Mental improvement |Getting out there and trying something new and loving it! It has given me the confidence to try | | |new experiences | |Mental improvement |I learned about how my body responds to stress. I am a medical student and on the weeks where we| | |have testing blocks I found that I am generally unhealthy (lack of sleep, eat little and make | | |poor choices with food, and I allow stress and fear to be main motivators).These are all things| | |I learned about myself through my yoga. My ability to focus and balance declines and I am | | |overall an unhappy person. Life will always bring time of intense stress; however, our bodies | | |deserve our best regardless of the situation. Bikram opened my eyes to this stress habit and I | | |am beginning to make healthier choi ces during moments of heavy stress. | |Mental improvement |Best thing is that I have a new passion in my life.I cannot imagine my life without my | | |practice. | |Happier |Happiness and Peace | |Weight loss |Although I have always been taught the importance of water, I have never embraced and felt the | | |need for it as much as I have since practicing Bikram. I think that is a reason for some | | |weightloss, of course in addition to the torture chamber! | |Healthier |Feeling great overall! |Major health benefit |Hope, that my life was not over because of debilitating pain in spine due to degenerative disk | | |disease, that is now mostly gone. Hope that even after cervical spine surgery, I can stay fit | | |and and continue to practice and improve my practice as long as I live. Joy, appreciation for | | |life and health every day with a consistent practice. | |Mental improvement |Improved attitude. | |Happier |Realize what is really important in life. |Healthier |Fewer injuries running. Toned body. More patient. Realization that pain is temporary and makes | | |me stronger. I can do anything for one minute. | |Healthier |Bikram has become a practice I look forward to all day. I know I can leave my stress at the door| | |and will feel amazing when I leave. Bikram has given me much more energy and is forcing me to | | |hydrate my body. Loving this new way of life. | |Mental improvement |I notice that I am more disciplined. |Major health benefit |I suffer from migraine headaches 3-4 times a week. So long as I practice Bikram Yoga at least 3 | | |times a week I am completely headache free. It helps lower my stress and let my mind release the| | |tension of work. | |Major health benefit |I have been able to successfully get off of both anti-depressants and anti-anxiety medication. I| | |was on a slew of medication for about 4 years due to severe panic attacks and depression. |Weight loss |Besides the weight loss, it would have to be that I do focus more on my b reath and focusing on | | |how my body reacts to different situations. | |Happier |I feel so much better and energized after a session and I just have this glow that makes me so | | |much happier after a class! | |Healthier |The best thing is being able to focus on myself for 90 minutes and to push myself to new limits. | | |And, the teachers and students are exceptional.I have learned to love the heat too! | |Major health benefit |it has healed my neck better than any chiropractor has been able | |Happier |Best thing is the way I treat my students thanks to Yoga†¦ they deserve that†¦. :). | |Happier |Better peace of mind. Good Too much time away from family. Worst | |Mental improvement |I feel amazing in the hot room, which has increased my confidence outside the room.The worst | | |thing- I have developed an addiction 🙂 | |Major health benefit |My back is stronger overall, but I seem to frequently be working through some ache, pain, or | | |injury. Could just be my age†¦. | |Healthier |Has vastly improved my life. | |Major health benefit |Since starting 5 yrs ago, I have gone from 5'7†³, 167 lbs to 136 lbs! I no longer have sciatica. | | |Old sports injuries have healed.Flexibility has improved. Overall health has improved. I eat | | |way better than I ever have. I stopped drinking alcohol. I feel great and have more confidence | | |that I did before Bikram. | |Weight loss |best thing is that i have lost 15lbs†¦.. i LOVE my body now | |Mental improvement |Best thing. Met some wonderful people and my daughter and I have a common challenge | |Mental improvement |Best is more ability to clear my mind and just do it. |Mental improvement |I love the me time I get. I love the challenge of facing myself in the mirror for 90 mins. When | | |is the last time you watched your body move for 90 mins? It is empowering, amazing, and allows | | |me to love my body. My only regret is that I didn't find it sooner. | |Healthier |I've practice d yoga for a long time and bikram yoga has changed my yoga practice tremendously | |Healthier |The muscle toning in my legs and arms is very visible. |Mental improvement |Finished the 60 day challenge which was super gratifying. A nice goal to work towards and | | |achieve. | |Major health benefit |I began to practice Bikram yoga to rehabilitate my ankle. After 6 months my ankle was healed. I | | |am intrigued by Bikram yoga, as a biochemistry major you can imagine the amount of research I | | |have done on Bikram yoga. I would like to know what you find. [email  protected] om | |Bad reaction |I got CA MRSA – superbug staph infection! | |Major health benefit |Almost complete elimination of back pain that I have suffered for approximately two decades. | |Healthier |The best thing is that is a great stress reliever and awesome facial moisturizer! | |Mental improvement |Best- friends, connections with the Bikram family. Worst- must carve out time for Bikram, or | | |else†¦. I'm grumpy!!! | |Spiritual improvement |Through yoga, I started to reconnect with my spiritual nature. |Healthier |The best thing is that I feel hopeful that I can be healthier and more comfortable in my body. | |Major health benefit |My runs of A-fib have stopped. | |Healthier |Energy up, stress down! | |Major health benefit |improved range of motion in arthritic joints. better balance and focus. Too many benefits to | | |list! | |Major health benefit |I have insomnia. Meds are the only things that, prior to Bikram, helped me fall asleep.After | | |the 8:15pm Bikram class, I crash and am out for at least 8 hours. | |Mental improvement |Just an overall better outlook and feeling positive about daily occurrences | |Healthier |I feel amazing practicing bikram yoga. My body feels cleansed | |Mental improvement |I have become addicted†¦ but to a good thing. I feel better, am in great shape, and am a much | | |happier and patient person because of Bikram. |Mental improvement |I l ike who I am becoming | |Spiritual improvement |I'm addicted to Bikram Yoga. It has been a Permanant Part of my life. The best thing that has | | |happened to me is, My Meditation has elevated to a deeply spiritual level&I crave this Yoga. I | | |can't miss a class. | |Mental improvement |My self confidence is improving. |Mental improvement |I like to tell people â€Å"I got me back†, bikram Yoga was introduced to me at a time when I pulled | | |myself out of a controlling & very unhealthy relationship. My sense of independence & security | | |was wiped out. As a result I stressed over every little thing because I was made to believe I | | |couldn't do anything without â€Å"him†. Bikram Yoga is a blessing because slowly I've been able to | | |let go of fear, stress, misery & depression.In short†¦ I found my smile! Thanks to BYSA! | |Healthier |The BEST thing that happens from practicing Bikram Yoga is how much more AMAZING you feel and | | |enjoy life even better ! | |Weight loss |Weightloss | |Healthier |It has contributed to improved attention to multiple aspects of fitness with overall gains | | |resulting. | |Healthier |Keeps me in great shape!! |Major health benefit |I got off of blood pressure medication after 3 months of practice. | |Mental improvement |Peace in mind, strength, balance, focus. | |Mental improvement |Best thing that happened is that I learned more self control. | |Weight loss |when I stop, I tend to gain weight and stress. | |Healthier |I flinally found my type of exersice since I stopped dancing ballet at 20 years, I? m 37 now | |Healthier |The best thing is that overall I feel better and stronger. |Mental improvement |I pay a lot more attention to what my body is telling me in all situations. | |Major health benefit |I am able to bend my knee better than in months prior. Also, the yoga has forced me to drink | | |more water throughout the day. | |Mental improvement |my self image and confidence has increased so much. this has spread to other areas of my life | | |and made so many things improve. i'm amazed daily at the positive effects of this yoga. | |Healthier |I am more physically confident. |Major health benefit |Everything changes!!!! My back pain has gone away, it provides me discipline when spending $, it| | |allows me to quiet the mind & sleep better, my joints start yelling at me when I don't go, my | | |core stands straighter, my shoulders are more defined, I am able to open my back & shoulders | | |more than ever before, it took away soreness after I ran a 1/2 marathon last year plus it was | | |the only way I trained for it, it keeps away sickness such as colds†¦ s that enough reasons? It| | |keeps my life happy & balanced. | |Mental improvement |Feel younger | |Mental improvement |I've noticed myself becoming more confident in poses creating better posture. I can feel a major| | |difference in how my posture has strengthened. | |Mental improvement |It makes me feel strong.When I get through a class I feel like I did something good for myself | | |which in turn allows me to be better for others. | |Happier |I feel healthier and happier than ever when I maintain a regular practice! | |Healthier |Im more flexible and I fell awesome. | |Healthier |Best-Not worrying about swimsuit season Worst-I sweat really easily.Even my shins sweat. | |Happier |I found happiness | |Happier |Feel better | |Mental improvement |Feel less stressed |